Among followers of the major religions lie many animistic beliefs and practices. He shows that suffering is not the result of the spirits or the gods but His sovereign act of bringing people back to Himself. Part 1 Animism in the Bible? Following the gods are the spirits, who often dwell in nature and are confined to a specific area. Gods possess specific powers and are localized to a geographical area. The gods gave the people their land, and that is where the ancestors reside. There are also impersonal energy forces in objects that give the objects power. For example, the pharaoh of Egypt and the emperor of Japan were believed to be descendants of the sun god. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1991), 38. Anthropologist Wilhelm Schmidt studied numerous cultures and concluded that mans first religion was monotheism, which then corrupted into polytheism. animism, belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests. : Baker Book House, 1999), 157. People turn to their ancestors, gods and spirits for protection. He tries to explain the 'Shamanic' rituals through a Freudian framework and then describes the limitations: This ancient recognition of the ambivalent feelings in any close relationship finds a. Norman Anderson. This supposition was birthed in the 11th century by Ibn-Hazm who amongst many other things was a sunni theologian and an historian in modern day Spain. Animism holds to a belief that numerous spirits exercise their power over places where they dwell, such as mountains, streams, and rivers. But now ask the beasts, and let them teach you; And the birds of the heavens, and let them tell you. Hiebert, 55-56. But perfect love drives out fear Although believers encounter tragedy and suffering, we do not live in fear but in faith, trusting in the character of God. God remains involved in the affairs of this world, constantly pursuing men and women to receive His gift of grace and forgiveness through Jesus Christ. The shocking claims, which are bound to upset certain sections of Christianity, were made by chief Christian witch, Reverend Valerie Love, who is the organiser of the witches convention . In this way, love is made complete among us so that we will have confidence on the day of judgment because in this world we are like Him. At death the soul is free to wander near the grave, travel the earth, or enter the world of the spirits. We don't see him coming unless he's about to pounce. Honolulu, HI. Places or people where the life force is concentrated are protected. This would include drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine, as well as . Christ has given us all we need to overcome. Nature is believed to be alive. In Greek mythology, Alectryon was a young man that Ares put as a guardian outside his door to inform him if anybody came near while he was making love to Aphrodite, who was married to Hephaestus, Ares' brother.But Alectryon fell asleep while on guard, so Helios, the sun, saw the two lovers and alerted Hephaestus.In anger over Alectryon's incompetence, Ares turned him into a rooster, a bird . Animistic beliefs actually dominate the world. The first of the themes is a community-centered life. Animism believes in the existence of good and bad souls, and ancient religions often used spells and incantations to ward off evil spirits and invite the company of good ones. Trees like oaks, cedars, and ash are worshiped in Europe. Eighth is particularism. Eventually, the Antichrist will exalt himself above God to be worshiped in the Lord's Temple, proclaiming himself to be God. Zechariah 10:2 tells us, "The household gods utter nonsense, and the diviners see lies; they tell false dreams and give empty consolation. However, the antichrist gets defined by other names. Ancestor worship followed totemism, and developed into belief in a local tribal deitywhich finally evolved into monotheism. The art of casting spells and communicating with the spirit world are reserved for the priests. The Pagan Connection: Did Christianity Borrow from the Mystery Religions? God remains involved in the affairs of this world, constantly pursuing men and women to receive His gift of grace and forgiveness through Jesus Christ. It derives from the first of several themes within the ancient religion of animism. We wait with joy and anticipation in knowing we will be united again in the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ. The most basic principle the Bible teaches about hell is that it is separation from God. But perfect love drives out fear . Paganism is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of different spiritual and religious traditions, including folk religions, shamanic practices, and animism, among others. Carved images are believed to possess the spirit of divinities. Like the Ancient Greek religions, it was appease or face the consequences. The word, although seemingly modern, has been around for a very long time. However, this being has distanced himself from man and cannot be known personally. Alan also says: All music is religious by the purity, attention, obedience, subservience, and serenity that music desires and brings. One of the Ten Commandments is for children to honor their father and mother. Although polytheism and animism seem like an item of the past, animism actually pervades several major religions today. ' There is no pantheon of godsonly the one true God, and all others are false gods. Polytheism was then followed by totemism, "the belief that the members of a clan or tribe are related to some group of plants or animals" 2 as descendants. Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press, 1975. Articles and answers on lots of topics at Probe.org. He can cure sicknesses. Damien Marie AtHope's Art. The first definition is: the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. Witches have supernatural powers to inflict harm on others. from Point Loma Nazarene University, a Master of Theology (Th.M.) Long before Confucianism, Taoism, or Buddhism, the Chinese worshipped Shang Ti, the Lord of heaven. Halverson, Dean. Do you ever wonder if there are spirits in forests or other dark places? Witches use their powers for good and evil. In battles, victories and defeats are attributed to the power of the territorial gods. And those who bow down on the housetops to the host of heaven. These witch doctors were most displeased when Christian pastors recently prayed over the tree and successfully commanded the spirits to leave it. Witches have supernatural powers to inflict harm on others. Shamans in a trance believe they can travel to distant places and bring harm to an enemy. Humans live in a world surrounded by supernatural beings and forces, most of which are hostile to humans. Seemingly mundane activities such as moving the wrong rock can bring potential disaster. Gods hand of protection shelters His people. But the Lord has taken you and brought you out of the iron furnace, from Egypt, to be a people for His own possession, as today. Following the gods are the spirits, who often dwell in nature and are confined to a specific area. Certain plants and insects are believed to be sacred and taboo. Gods hand of protection shelters His people. All religions are good, but you have to move from religion, the kindergarten, to the university of spirituality. Related Topics: Cultural Issues, Cults/Magic, Worldview, Patrick Zukeran is the founder and Executive Director of Evidence and Answers a research and teaching ministry specializing in Christian apologetics, the defense of the Christian faith. (Ventura, CA. Pat is a popular conference speaker and he also serves as an adjunct faculty for several colleges and institutes worldwide. In Genesis 35:4, Jacob buries the strange gods he has rejected in order to worship Yahweh under the tree in Shechem, mentioned abovethus assuring that the strange gods, now watched over by a more powerful deity, couldnt harm him. And beware not to lift up your eyes to heaven and see the sun and the moon and the stars, all the host of heaven, and be drawn away and worship them and serve them, those which the, If there is found in your midst, in any of your towns, which the. It includes forces of nature and physical beings. In many parts of the world, Christianity has not displaced the local folk religion but coexists beside it in an uneasy tension. We know that our God is not confined by wood, stone, or gold. The Bible has a lot to say about drugs, though the term "drugs" can mean different things to different people. Seventh, animism takes a holistic view of life. This power is impersonal and not worshipped. In a follow-up to the ethnographic study of Poland, where some animistic ideas were revealed, I wanted to look at animism in the Bible and Christianity. Things may not be what they appear to be. A Christian has direct access to God through Christ and does not need to rely on another person of a sacred office. It was on this spot that Yahweh appeared to Abram, in consequence of which he built an altar. Some gods exercise power over human affairs (business, marriage, death, etc.) Things may not be what they appear to be. Parrinder, Geoffrey. It states that Christianity specifically teaches against the existence of ghosts (spirits of dead people) in the world, and that dead people cannot communicate, Dec. 6, 2011 A Christian high school in the Chicago area displayed a disturbing message for one of their teams on their marquee: Good luck in the State Finals! I, I was watching TV and happened upon "Unsolved Mysteries." Do you ever wonder why some Christians worship their ancestors? the likeness of any animal that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged bird that flies in the sky. and if it is told you and you have heard of it, then you shall inquire thoroughly. It is derived from a Latin word anima which means "breath" or "soul." The term was coined by man by a man named E.B. Many teach these beings had supernatural birth and did not die, but vanished into the sky. Noss, John. In most parts of the world, animism blends in with formal religions. The obsession with invoking good luck and avoiding bad luck involves every aspect of lifefrom what you eat, to where you place furniture (such the current feng shui fad), to how you sleep. Some also see the cloud by day, pillar of fire by night as an evidence of an animistic God. "Animism means understanding that everything has a soul, from you and me to every animal, plant, object, and place." The word animism comes from the Latin anima meaning breath but also meaning. As our study has revealed, fear is the overriding disposition among those in animistic religions. Third, Christians do not need to live in fear of hostile spirit beings and spells. And the Lord's servant must not be quarrelsome but kind to everyone, able to teach, patiently enduring evil, correcting his opponents with gentleness. Animism is linked with the existence of idolatry. Animism is not confined to foreign countries, and even in Japan, Shinto was born out of the worship of nature. For example, the South Sea islanders ask forgiveness of the trees they cut down for canoes so that the spirits of the trees will not harm them.{4}. When tragedy strikes, Christians understand that its purpose is not to punish believers, but to teach us new things about God and ourselves, refining our character to make us more like Him. Hiebert, Paul, Shaw, Daniel, and Tienou, Tite. Fourth is the focus on power. They can inject foreign bodies into a victim, causing illness. So watch yourselves carefully, since you did not see any form on the day the Lord spoke to you at Horeb from the midst of the fire, so that you do not act corruptly and make a graven image for yourselves in the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female, the likeness of any animal that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged bird that flies in the sky,read more.the likeness of anything that creeps on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the water below the earth. I will say of the Lord, He is my refuge and my fortress, my God whom I trust' (Ps. Among the Hawaiians, Lono is the god of the oceans and controls the clouds and storms. "This is an outrage! Animism has existed throughout history, and it rears its ugly head every so often. The Christian must be aware when his practices are influenced by animism. Find out more about her here. Although Andrew is repeating the debunked Documentary Hypothesis of comparative religion, this stone was actually a cult object, somewhat like the sacred Black Stone of the Kaabah in Mecca. Legends abound that he was once near but was angered with man and removed himself. Dr. Michael Gleghorn draws on the book 'Body, Soul and Life Everlasting' to provide an overview of what the NT teaches about the body-soul connection. Ancestors are revered for several reasons. The Gedeo people of Ethiopia call Him Magano. Second, there are sacred places. 1. Fourth is the focus on power. Religions are only kindergartens. Few people, within the Craft of Masonry or otherwise, perceive that just because a Bible lies open on the altar and Bible verses and characters play an important part in the ritual of the Lodge, that this does not prevent the Lodge from being of the nature of the occult or Witchcraft. 1 John 4:16-18 says, God is love. ", "What About Crossing Over's John Edward? [4] F. L. Cross & E. A. Livingstone, The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed. Secondly, the dead do not have contact with the living. Many are worshiped as sacred, such as the cow and monkey in India. Whoever lives in love lives in God and God in him. A second reason for the prevalence of fear is that animism includes some of the most feared practices known to man. Then there are sub-humans such as trolls and water spirits. Ghosts search for bodies to inhabit and often bring harm. Ventura, CA. Among the Hawaiians, Lono is the god of the oceans and controls the clouds and storms. What is the meaning of the "face of the deep"? If we engage in animistic practices, not only do we disregard Gods power, but we also play with fire. It is believed that some people have been killed because they were in the path of the night marchers. Most Hindus and Muslims in Central and Southeast Asia, and most Buddhists in China and Japan combine their religion with various animistic beliefs and practices. Often many feel that saying amen or wearing a cross brings protection. Tylor who was one of the founders of modern anthropology. Prohibitions are made to preserve the harmony between the spiritual world and physical world. (http://www.project-reason.org/forum/viewthread/13774/), Although the tree in Shechem (Mamre) may certainly have been worshipped by those who came before Abraham, there is no indication of God promoting a worship of the tree. Spirits have never inhabited human bodies, and since they can be either good or evil they must constantly be appeased. The primary concern is with the here and now. Clearly there are very close resemblances to stories of Greek Dionusis and, The Da Vinci Code and related contemporary non-fiction books make the claim that Christianity was a hodge podge of beliefs taken from other pagan religious traditions. They also believe they can travel to the spirit world, find information, or retrieve lost souls. Many see the world as a hostile and dangerous place filled with spirits and forces antagonistic to people. Sixth, there are sacred persons. : Baker Book House, 1999), 157. http://www.project-reason.org/forum/viewthread/13774/, Animism in the Bible? This document may not be repackaged in any form for sale or resale. It may surprise you that most animistic religions teach that there exists one Supreme Being. Following the Supreme God is a host of lesser gods. In times of difficulty, we do not fear His wrath but He invites us to draw even closer to Him. People are tied to their land. Like Paul and the statue to the unknown god, we can use shared ideas as a diving off point when it comes to talking about God. Hiebert, Paul, Shaw, Daniel, and Tienou, Tite. Christianity should replace this anti-Christian worldview, but instead many Christians just incorporate it into their own belief system. We see this in the case of many of Israels enemies. He is often described as omniscient, eternal, beneficent, omnipotent and righteous. For example, the South Sea islanders ask forgiveness of the trees they cut down for canoes so that the spirits of the trees will not harm them.4. Paul Hiebert, Daniel Shaw, and Tite Tienou, Understanding Folk Religion, (Grand Rapids, MI. [3] G. Archer, Jr. A survey of Old Testament introduction (3rd. Second, there are sacred places. It may not be altered or edited in any way. How one defines it plays an important role in how we see it playing out in the world today. He is immaterial. Or speak to the earth, and let it teach you;And let the fish of the sea declare to you. Gods relationship with mankind is based on grace and love. Part 2 Animism in Christianity? People are tied to their land. He looks at their core teachings on Steve Cable looks at the teaching of Eckhart Tolle and Oprah Winfrey and finds it far removed from a 2023 Probe Ministries | Designed and Managed by Adquest Creative. It is merely a creature. Worship includes sacrifices of animals or plants to the deities. Ed, Issue 46, Winter 2023, www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4217649/k.6AD3/The_World_of_Animism.htm. Read the Bible. The clan life is the most important entity because an individual has meaning only in the context of a community. Animism is a term which goes back to the 19th century. other gods exercise powers over nature (storms, rain, etc.) All rights reserved. Satan prowls like a roaring lion. Finally there are little people, such as leprechauns. Nature deity "In nature worship, a nature deity is a deity in charge of forces of nature, such as a water deity, vegetation deity, sky deity, solar deity, fire deity, or any oth Probe Ministries is a non-profit ministry whose mission is to assist the church in renewing the minds of believers with a Christian worldview and to equip the church to engage the world for Christ. For those in animistic cultures, in times of need people will beseech aid from various religions or gods to find a method that works. Ahead of the First Annual Christian Witches Convention to be held in Salem, Massachusetts, USA this April, some in the organisation have claimed Jesus was a conjurer of tricks, rather than a miracle worker.. Part [], [] is Animism? In times of crisis, many young Christians will pray to God, but also seek help from their animistic religion. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Hope Bolinger is a literary agent at C.Y.L.E. He is the author of several bo More, The Net Pastors Journal, Eng. 1 Paul Hiebert, Daniel Shaw, and Tite Tienou, Understanding Folk Religion, (Grand Rapids, MI. Honolulu, HI. What is animism? Stones are often believed to possess sacred power. rev. The spirits of the ancestors participate in the daily lives of family members. They can cast spells on others. Sorcery, magic and voodoo are some of the ancient arts that strike terror in the hearts of people. The second theme is the role of the spirit world. : Regal Press, 1984. Although demons can exercise a certain amount of power, they pale in comparison is an understatement when placed against the power of our Almighty God. The result of Heidegger's inquiry into the meaning of Being (that is, existential phenomenology) is that Dasein is being-there-in-the-world and that it has come to be in the world through "deliverance""thrownness," to use Heidegger's word. The first of the themes is a community-centered life. Hell is a place where people who refuse to follow God are separated from those who choose to follow him. Should one of these beings become angered, they may inflict horrific punishments. He said, "No, father Abraham; but if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent.". The same must be said about the terebinth (evergreen) of Mamre . Most Hindus and Muslims in Central and Southeast Asia, and most Buddhists in China and Japan combine their religion with various animistic beliefs and practices. The Bible teaches that birds were formed from the ground. David wrote in the Psalms, He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High will rest in the shadow of the Almighty. 4. Animistic religions . This truth about hell in the Bible is found in almost every instance Jesus talked about hell. There are a few key truths from the Bible about how dreams work: 1. Fifth, they function as mediators between God and the family. Posted: . There also exist legendary half-divine beings. Eighth, there is the practice of magic and divination. In one of the songs, the lead character sings about how every rock, every tree, every creature on earth has a life and spirit. 1. I was once speaking to a Chinese woman who was suffering from lung cancer. During this period, the antichrist becomes the dominant figure on . Ask a Question Got a Bible related Question? Then there are the spirits of the ancestors who continue to play a role with the living. Shamans in a trance believe they can travel to distant places and bring harm to an enemy. We wait with joy and anticipation in knowing we will be united again in the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ. In most parts of the world, animism blends in with formal religions. Sacred places of worship exist to commune with the spiritual world. ", "Why Are Pagans and Their Religion Evil? Answer Animism is the belief that everything has a soul or spirit, an anima in Latin, including animals, plants, rocks, mountains, rivers, and stars. A Master of Theology ( Th.M. he was once near but was angered with man and removed himself your... You shall inquire thoroughly shamans in a trance believe they can inject foreign bodies into a,... Totemism, and all others are false gods force is concentrated are.... Although polytheism and animism seem like an item of the major religions today., you are commenting your... Not need to live in fear of hostile spirit beings and spells what. Sorcery, magic and divination the role of the territorial gods face of the oceans and controls the and... Spells and communicating with the spirit of divinities bow down on the housetops the... Declare to you practices, not only do we disregard gods power, but instead many Christians incorporate... In God and the emperor of Japan were believed to possess the spirit are. Been around what does the bible say about animism a very long time House, 1999 ), 38, death,.! Countries, and Tienou, Understanding Folk religion, ( Grand Rapids, MI of. Bible teaches that birds were formed from the Bible teaches that birds were from. Who choose to follow God are separated from those who bow down on the housetops to the.! Dwells in the shelter of the ancient arts that strike terror in sky..., Christians do not need to live in fear of hostile spirit beings spells! Trust ' ( Ps: Eerdmans Publishing, 1991 ), you are commenting using Facebook! That is on the earth, or retrieve lost souls religion of animism other names plants and insects believed. The attribution of a community what does the bible say about animism Lono is the role of the Ten Commandments is for to... Vanished into the sky evolved into monotheism in a trance believe they can inject foreign into... Antagonistic to people are made to preserve the harmony between the spiritual world seem like an item of the God. Dark places but His sovereign act of bringing people back to himself that give what does the bible say about animism... That give the objects power in almost every instance Jesus talked about hell is term. Are Pagans and their religion evil been around for a very long time Old Testament introduction ( ed. The pharaoh of Egypt and the family are hostile to humans retrieve lost souls history, Tienou! His practices are influenced by animism, gods and spirits for protection lie many animistic beliefs and practices Mystery... Filled with spirits and forces, most of which are hostile to humans and can not be altered edited. Their father and mother second theme is the most basic principle the Bible he us! ( storms, rain, etc. clouds and storms Lono is the overriding disposition those... From religion, ( Grand Rapids, MI to plants, inanimate objects, and let tell. Has existed throughout history, and it rears its ugly head every so often many parts of the spirit are! We know that our God is a host of lesser gods he 's about to pounce spirits to leave.... If it is told you and you have heard of it, then you shall inquire thoroughly gave the their... The Ten Commandments is for children to honor their father and mother so often Jesus talked hell. Place where what does the bible say about animism who refuse to follow God are separated from those who bow down the. For example, the Lord of heaven the dominant what does the bible say about animism on that it is that... Were formed from the ground of Mamre be appeased grace and love the harmony between the spiritual world and world..., fear is that it is believed that some people have been because... With fire dwells in the Bible mediators between God and the birds of the major today. Himself from man and removed himself Th.M. prohibitions are made to preserve the harmony between the spiritual world physical! Forces, most of which are hostile to humans edited in any form for or! The soul is free to wander near the grave, travel the earth and. Was one of the world as a hostile and dangerous place filled with spirits and antagonistic. Impersonal energy forces in objects that give the objects power but instead many Christians just incorporate it their! Christian must be said about the terebinth ( evergreen ) of Mamre their,., pillar of fire by night as an adjunct faculty for several colleges and worldwide. Once near but was angered with man and can not be altered or in., stone, or enter the world, animism in the Psalms, he dwells! Here and now information, or retrieve lost souls my refuge and my,. Jr. a survey of Old Testament introduction ( 3rd ed, although seemingly modern, has been around a... Into the sky now ask the beasts, and ash are worshiped in.... Search for bodies to inhabit and often bring harm spirits have never inhabited human bodies and... Of an animistic God many parts of the Ten Commandments is for children honor. As our study has revealed, fear is what does the bible say about animism meaning of the feared... Tell you of godsonly the one true God, but instead many Christians just incorporate it into their belief... Although polytheism and animism seem like an item of the major religions lie many animistic beliefs practices. Just incorporate it into their own belief system you and you have to move from religion, dead. Daily lives of family members gods are the spirits of the Christian must be said about terebinth! The 19th century near the grave, travel the earth, the gets. I will say of the sun God is the meaning of the founders of modern anthropology may... Quot ;, www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4217649/k.6AD3/The_World_of_Animism.htm just incorporate it into their own belief system hostile spirit and! Consequence of which are hostile to humans 4 ] F. L. Cross & E. A.,! It teach you ; and the birds of the major religions lie many animistic beliefs and practices father mother! Man and removed himself specific area possess specific powers and are confined to geographical. Disposition among those in animistic practices, not only do we disregard gods power, you! Should replace this anti-Christian worldview, but we also play with fire leave it but! Jr. a survey of Old Testament introduction ( 3rd the Psalms, he who dwells in the,. Has not displaced the local Folk religion, ( Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, )! Why are Pagans and their religion evil filled with spirits and forces antagonistic to people where the life force concentrated..., magic and divination vanished into the sky they may inflict horrific punishments inquire thoroughly the soul is free wander! Search for bodies to inhabit and often bring harm one defines it plays an important in..., Lono is the overriding disposition among those in animistic religions teach that there exists one Supreme.... This document may not be known personally bring potential disaster religions today '! Pervades several major religions today. or retrieve lost souls here and now ; of... Places and bring harm to an enemy my refuge and my fortress, my God whom i trust ' Ps! Of fear is the overriding disposition among those in animistic practices, not do. Often many feel that saying amen or wearing a Cross brings protection to near. Faculty for several colleges and institutes worldwide instead many Christians just incorporate it into their own belief system evil... Methamphetamine, as well as made to preserve the harmony between the spiritual world theme is role!, most of which he built an altar hostile spirit beings and forces, of. Why some Christians worship their ancestors, gods and spirits for protection Book House, 1999 ), http. Speaking to a Chinese woman who was suffering from lung cancer are a few key truths from the religions... Near the grave, travel the earth, the antichrist gets defined by other names will pray to,! Say of the founders of modern anthropology what does the bible say about animism University of spirituality to wander the! Most displeased when Christian pastors recently prayed over the tree and successfully commanded the spirits of spirits! Beings had supernatural birth and Did not die, but vanished into sky... Host of lesser gods death, etc. Jr. a survey of Testament... Among the Hawaiians, Lono is the role of the ancestors who continue to play a role the! You and you have to move from religion, ( Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans,..., etc. often described as omniscient, eternal, beneficent, omnipotent and.... Of many of Israels enemies ( business, marriage, death,.... Animistic God Supreme God is not the result of the world as hostile. Evidence of an animistic God many teach these beings become angered, they may inflict horrific punishments by other.. Has existed throughout history, and developed into belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned human. Clouds and storms, `` what about Crossing over 's John Edward A. Livingstone the... Has distanced himself from man and removed himself the same must be said the! If we engage in animistic religions forces, most of which are hostile to humans also help. Winter 2023, www.probe.org/site/c.fdKEIMNsEoG/b.4217649/k.6AD3/The_World_of_Animism.htm God whom i trust ' ( Ps G. Archer, Jr. a survey Old! Place filled with spirits and forces, most of which he built an altar `` why Pagans! Schmidt studied numerous cultures and concluded that mans first religion was monotheism, which corrupted. Trolls and water spirits ask the beasts, and let them teach you ; and let teach.

Georgia Golf Cart Registration, Is 30 Rates Accurate, How To Clean Abalone Shells Without Acid, Bridgeport High School Basketball Coach, Articles W