Their color has a some what purple-brown hue. Sorry, we were unable to verify your service address . The effects of a recluse bite can vary enormously, from virtually no effect to death (in very rare instances). Each sac, with a diameter of only about 1 centimeter, can contain anywhere from 200 to 250 eggs and will hatch in approximately 2 weeks. The abdomen is rounded, jet black, and shiny. Recluse bites can vary from an unremarkable bite with mild skin irritation to severe skin necrosis. To say that the Brown Recluse cannot possibly be present in California is comparable to saying that there are no illegal immigrants living here either. 608. There was a brown recluse in my bed a few days ago. This jumping spider belongs to the Salticidae family and is common in the United States. Hello, here in Meriposa, CA- I killed a brown recluse yesterday. There are two species of black widow spider in Canada: the western black widow found in parts of BC through to Manitoba (mostly restricted to areas close to the southern Canada-U.S. border) and the northern black widow in southern and eastern Ontario. Their webs are built in basements, on the walls of buildings, and under rocks. Recluse bites tend to be rarer in California since the desert recluse, as implied by its name, resides in areas largely uninhabited by humans, and the Chilean recluse is only present in a few limited areas of Southern California. How do you poison, kill spiders ? This is a tarantula from the Theraphosidae family and was first found in California at Folsom Prison in 2015. That was several decades ago, and I'm not sure if it's continued to be done. I feel horrible, Ft Ord n ca 1975. they never hitch rides on trucks or all the daily cars,they check them at the arizona ,california borderalso i think summers are a bit warmer with drought.vallejo ca and also desert areas have had brown recluse..i bet you can find on youtubealso call the ca pest control..the boa constrictor wasn't supposed to migrate to places they are now either. Below are some steps you can take beforehand to treat a recluse spider bite. Check in and around cardboard boxes, rarely-worn shoes, sheds, barns, garages, attics, pipe holes, doors, air vents, basements, crawl spaces, false ceilings, storage spaces, dark corners and cluttered areas. May 22, 2018 pliesch. Mark Halsey did you feel better after that extensive post? It just looks so soft and I think it's kind of cute how it just wanders around exploring everything. Common name: South American Toothed Hacklemesh Weaver. They prefer wooded habitats, such as yards and parks. They have dark brown bristles near the eyes. They create the typical cobweb, that you know from Halloween, a messy tangle of silken fibers. Of course, not all spiders are harmful. The pest control industry, US government & ALL entomolgist/arachnologist agree that there isn't a brown recluse population in California. They didn't find any in their search, but they are not the pinnacle of researchers lol. This spider may look just like a tarantula, but its a Calisoga spider. Where Do Black Widows Live? Once captured, the prey is then dragged to the web where the spider can eat it when it is ready. Yellow garden spiders are black and yellow spiders first described in 1833. The desert recluse is the commonest type of recluse to be found in California. They could be the desert recluse or the Arizona recluse. The California turret spider is native to Northern California where it creates burrows. Common name: western spotted orbweaver, zig-zag spider. I recently purchased a new car in California in February. Every country in the world and every state in the United States is home to spiders. When dusk comes and after they have made further improvements to their web, the black widow spider will emerge from their retreat and will wait for their prey to come on their web. . The brown recluse and Carolina wolf dwelling here are also noted to cause potential harm to humans. They have exceptionally strong front legs, which helps them seize their prey, even prey that is much larger than themselves. The male false widow spider looks very different from the female and has a long abdomen. Why are you talking about brown recluse spider's they don't live in California. South American Toothed Hacklemesh Weaver, 40. In the desert, they make their nests under sunflower leaves and the thorns of cactus. Suited to the south Anyone can write a story. When the temperature is 70 degrees or higher, the black widow is active, but when it is lower, it can survive. Browse pests. They are only found in California, both in the Coastal Range and Sierra foothills, where they prefer moist woodlands, close to streams and thickets. These remarkable spiders have a highly toxic venom but are very passive, shy creatures. Lets be honest, with the vast territory, terrain, open land, parks, and basements left unfettered, I am personally very surprised there havent been more confirmed sitings of these rare arachnids, or identification of other new insect species, considering the changes in weather and climate we have seen within the past 20 or so years. Male Black Widows look nothing like their female counterparts. In the United States, black widows are more common in the Southern region due to the climate and geography of the land. The point is, I work in dark crevices and spaces, without much regard for safety, as I use my bare hands, as opposed to wearing gloves, in order to be able to handle orchids, and other plants, with a finer touch. She says brown widows are good at building their webs, which are their homes, in many different places. That being said, due to all of the time I spend outdoors and in gardens, I literally get bitten by spiders on a weekly basis; I would say daily, but I would be lying. They are small, growing to no more than 4mm in body length. Black widows may be found in a variety of habitats. They have white markings on the dorsal side of the abdomen. Esteban Vildoso actually they have migrated or been brought over to California, in recent years, we used to only worry about widows but now we have the recluse as well, maybe before talking down to someone who gives an informative article do a little research to see if the info you have is still viable. The name "black widow" comes from the female's habit of eating the male after mating. Mainly, its the dark, seclusion of the rural, southern landscape that these poisonous spiders love so much. According to a comic published in 2019, Avengers founding member Natasha Romanoff earns the codename Black Widow because she works like the deadliest of spiders, easily escaping notice until it is far too late. Black widows have a notorious place in the popular imagination as frighteningly inconspicuous, highly venomous creatures that can kill a person with one bite. Consider putting small warning label on or nearby the cage to alert visitors about a potentially dangerous animal being in the cage. Not just Recluse, it got in his boot . So as the black widows evolved, they needed to strike a balance between hiding from prey and warning predators off. Brown recluse is the one that everyone's heard of, so that's going to be the one most commonly named. (Although brown recluses are common in many other parts of the U.S., they don't live in California.). (lab results, where study was done, by who, for how long, what methods, etc) Thank you. They wait for insects to get entangled in their non-sticky webs, using their venom to inject the prey to reduce the risk of the prey escaping. Unless you have a thorough, trustworthy, and updated research labs results, then Im going to go with what current evidence suggests- there are brown recluses in California. Call a pest control guy. . They are VENOMOUS not poisonous. You should never try to treat a Western Black Widow spider bite at home. Males never change their color and have darker front legs with a gold abdomen. So many people in construction recognize the spider when asked if theyve seen it. Higgins says scientists have learned that the brown widow evolved in Africa, though its unclear what their origins are, and South America was where they were first described. Make sure children and pets do not have access to the cage and ensure the enclosure cannot be knocked over or accidentally opened. These spiders have two black lines that run from the middle of the eyes to the lips, they also have black lines under their legs. The brown recluse, yellow sac and black widow spiders are that tiny enemy. More specifically, the most dangerous spiders to look out for in California are: Black Widow bites are somewhat common in California since this spider often lives in close proximity to humans. They prefer warm, dry, sheltered environments and can be found in grasslands, deserts, and forests in southern Ontario. (The black widows venom doesnt pack a punch when its the one getting eaten.) Juveniles tend to live in holes and small crevices. Once the black widow spider enters a barn, a building, a storage shed, or a home, she may find a suitable place where she can overwinter just like a hibernating bear. The western black widow, a native species, is widespread, and is the spider posing the greatest potential envenomation threat to humans in the western United States. Their total leg span is about 1 inch (25 mm). Common name:brown widow, brown button spider, grey widow, brown black widow, house button spider, geometric button spider. Each leg has a double claw with the front pair being double the size of the other legs. From barns and woodpiles to crevices in stone walls, black widows thrive in areas where civilization and nature coexist. These spiders build large orb-shaped webs, which they use to capture their prey. Pain and discomfort are most likely to be the worst results of a bite, and often there may be little to no effect. They are light gray with darker legs. Scott, you took the spider to the medical center and they identified it as a brown recluse .???? Typical places where you can find a black widow spider includes the shed, garage, in the crawl space or basement, in a wood pile, or around the barbecue pit. Sometimes confused with "daddy long-legs", which are not spiders, but rather Opiliones ("harvestment"). The male is about half the female's size. These spiders prefer to construct their webs in tree branches. They tend to bite only when pressed against human skinfor example, when an article of clothing is put on in which a recluse is living. While they are not considered dangerous to humans, you should call your doctor if the symptoms get worse. No way there have only 10 BROWN recluse spiders caught and they were probably bought by shipments to California from the mid west there other reculse here but not brown reculse and no way two teachers were bit in California. All rights reserved. THERE ARE NO POPULATIONS OF BROWN RECLUSE SPIDERS IN CALIFORNIA. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. I will never cease to be perplexed by posts like yours, so self masturbatorial but with with such little to actually say. I am a licensed exterminator who is in the field every day. They are native to Europe and North Africa and have been introduced to the United States and are commonly observed in Southern California, where they are considered pests. They usually don't do well in cities, as urban areas arent suited to their activities and life cycles. Male bites are not as severe as females, where a bite can cause intense pain. They have a distinct light central band with a wavy border. The female tends to stay in her web, hanging upside down with her legs making a cross shape. Within this genus, there are about 30 different species of black widows. The hourglass can be yellow or white. Their bodies are black with a red hourglass shape on their undersides. C E Bundy, you need to learn the difference between venomous and poisonous. False black widow spider. In some cases, the hourglass can be yellow in color or even occasionally white. Bites from these spiders are rare, as the spiders are not usually found in areas that are highly populated by humans. False black widows are often referred to as cupboard spiders and are found throughout the world, including California, where they are often confused as the venomous black widow. It is common for male and female spiders regardless of their species to look a bit different, and this is the same with black widow spiders. These are considered one of the more toxic species of the recluse family. In the United States, black widows are found primarily in the South and West, and they inhabit urban areas as well as forests, deserts and grasslands, according to the St. Louis Zoo. Grass spider. Seems like a pretty big money maker considering the fear-mongering & hysteria but legally we cannot treat for a target pest if that target pest doesn't exist in our area. This tarantula belongs to the Theraphosidae family and is common in the United States. So I promise you that they are here in california. They are not aggressive and you can approach tier web. Search for their webs in the garage, by the doors, near vents, and places in a home where clutter is common, such as the basement or the attic. Surviving hatchlings leave the web within a few days, at which point they experience ballooning. It has established itself in southern California to the extent that it's under most pieces of yard furniture in Los Angeles and Riverside counties. While tarantulas have large hairs that are black or red-brown, the Calisoga spider has silver brown hairs and is common in the Bay Area. Northern yellow sac spiders are tan or pale green with dark brown. When I looked it was a large red rash with a small cut. I understand how convinced you are, and what the doctor said, or how the wound looked exactly or felt exactly like a recluse bite. Western black widow spiders are often found in California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, and more. If the bite is severe, you may need muscle relaxants or anti-venom. Wolf spider. The point I am attempting to make, is that even if it were a Brown Recluse spider, versus the Chilean Recluse, it really doesnt make a difference, as there is no anti-venom for these bites, so what difference does it really make?! However, within several hours, I will notice a rash, scratch, or some other area, in which histamines have been released, at which point I take the necessary precautions and do my best to deal with the situation, never having to be taken to the hospital, even though I know that I have been bitten by some aggressive spider, with venom and neurotoxin. The desert tarantula is common in California where they live in webbed burrows in desert areas. Spotted orbweavers are known for their large webs, which can reach up to two feet in diameter. The Cross Orbweaver Spider. Females are larger than the male and can grow to 0.44 inches (11.3mm) in length. Jumping Spiders. Striped lynx spiders range from orange, brown to cream with females having stripes on the head space and abdomen. It's conceivable that several brown recluses periodically come across state lines--in someone's luggage, in cargo, etc. Male black widows also have strategies to avoid riskier sexual encounters in the first place; for instance, research suggests they can tell whether or not a female is hungry by her pheromones, so they can avoid potential mates who seem a bit peckish. The insects hunted by black widows want to avoid falling into their jaws. Her work has also appeared in National Geographic and SciShow. They use their jumping ability to jump at fast speeds, ambushing prey, throwing out single silk which reduces the risk of the prey escaping. If pregnant or nursing, consult with a qualified provider on an individual basis. They are shiny and black, with bright red hourglass-shaped markings on their abdomens. The only recluse spiders that can be found in California are the desert recluse and the Chilean Recluse. Roughly 2,500 people go to poison control centers with black widow bites each year to shorten the symptoms with the help of antivenom. The brown widow spider, a less-poisonous species than its cousin, the black widow spider, is making its claim in the dark recesses of Southern California trash can lids, plant pot lips and wood piles - and pushing its deadly cousin out of the region. I know for a fact there are some here. In trials when the spiderlings hatched at about the same size, they didnt jump to cannibalism right away. But they can still bite, especially when they are threatened or when they are stepped on. I hardly ever see them. The Shamrock orbweaver comes in a variety of colors, though most commonly are beige or brown. Jumping spiders are mostly small to medium-sized spiders (up to 0.5 inches in size) with relatively short legs. Their webs are often found adjacent to sunny fields, where they can stay hidden and protected. How to make this spider repellent: All you need is a spray bottle, water, essential oil and a dab of dish soap for your DIY spider spray. They are common throughout the year both indoors and outdoors. They do inhabit most Southern states ranging from Texas to California. They live in a variety of habitats and have been seen on fence posts to cacti. But spiders are much smaller than snakes and dont release much venom at once, so black widow bites only present high risk to young children and elderly people. Cross orbweavers are sometimes named the pumpkin spider. These spiders live a surprisingly long time. They have very long and fragile legs that have white and black circles at the joints. Brown Recluses and Black Widows are all over Laguna Woods! There are no brown recluse spiders in CA, however there are recluse spiders. Females are larger growing to around 12mm with males growing to around 9mm. They are similar to the black widows but they do not live in north. They had the spider and it WAS identified as a brown recluse. They are commonly encountered in fields, parks, backyards, and gardens. Garden spider. They are considered harmless to humans with venom that is slightly irritating and not considered a medical emergency. The False Black Widow. Unadorned plastic spiders were attacked three times more often than the red-spotted ones. Does that sound like a recluse bite? Black widows like to hide. The western black widow ( Latrodectus Hesperus) is indigenous to grape-growing regions in California, as well as British Columbia and other western regions of North America. It was bright red with cellulitis was actually turning into liquid. The Black Widow and Five Other Venomous Spiders in the United States. This wolf spider from the Lycosidae family is common in North America with a cosmopolitan distribution. Females grow to 0.24 inches (6mm) and males to 0.19 inches (4.7mm) in body length. Their burrows can be up to eight inches in depth. The webs were stretched and dyed black and used for the scopes. The female black widow is approximately 1.5 inches (38 millimeters) long. Youd actually be really hard pressed to find a black widow in the LA area. The green lynx spider is a bright green spider that hides in green plants. Privacy Statement August 27, 2014 9:19 pm. Wisconsin is home to approximately 500 species of spiders, and essentially all of these are harmless, beneficial creatures that provide . Before you pull out your outdoor furniture or tools from your crawl space, you may want to don some protective gear first. They are sometimes found on the eaves of homes and outbuildings. I came across one in my yard that I am pretty sure was a Brown Widow, and I have never seen one in our area. Now Brown Widow's. And the male seems to be asking for it. They can grow to 4mm in females and 2.4mm in males. Asking questions such as, Where do black widow spiders live? and Where are black widows found? is important, because if you know where they are, you can avoid them. Brown widow and redback spiders sometimes use a process called traumatic insemination. If a male happens upon a juvenile female that has developed only its internal plumbing, the male can pierce a hole in the females shell with its fangs and mate. These are nasty creatures when it comes to their bite. The Black widow spider generally loves to live in warm regions. Cookie Settings, Davefoc via Wikimedia Commons under CC BY-SA 4.0. Most recently, my church sister, Celine has been off work now for a few months after she went into cardiac arrest and mearly had her leg amputated from tbe bite of a recluse spider. Female black widow spiders will lay 250-300 eggs at a time. I have a good friend in SF bay area that was bitten by a brown recluse spider. They will commonly hang upside down near the center, and when they sense an insect (usually through vibration rather than by vision), they run over and bite it before covering it in their web. I disagree with the statement that not all BLACK widows have an hourglass on their abd. Black widows belong to the Latrodectus genus. Higgins says scientists have learned that the brown widow evolved in Africa, though it's unclear what their origins are, and South America was where they were first described. Nasty little creatures! Common name: daring jumping spider, bold jumping spider. They are black in color with spots and stripes on their legs and abdomen. She became very ill and was hospitalized at petaluma Valley Hospital. 271 pp. Yet where I live summers reach 110 We have tons of Black Widows. The 11 most common types of spider species that you might find in your home include: The Common House Spider. This is a sheet weaver spider belonging to the Linyphidae family common in North America. The Western black widow can make its web in dry deserts or high mountains, in addition to the normal black widow spider habitats listed above. Mud daubers, a common name for solitary wasps that build their nests out of mud, are native to California. Although they are threatening to humans, death from a Black Widow bite is rare nowadays, thanks to the development of anti-venom. The Western black widow can make its web in dry deserts or high mountains, in addition to the normal black widow spider habitats listed above. When they do, they seek out dimly lit, sheltered areas in which to spin their webs, hoping to catch grasshoppers, mosquitoes, caterpillars, beetles and similar prey. Males have a black stripe with a white stripe on either side of the abdomen. They can grow to 0.82mm in females and 0.59mm in males. Western spotted orbweavers are large spiders with females growing up to 0.7 inches (18mm) in body length and males growing to around 0.5 inches (13mm) in body length. They are brown at the front of the body with darker markings, their abdomens have black markings and their legs are brown with specks. The amount of human and vehicular travel into the state is astronomical. The two species are very different in the habitats they thrive in. "These brown widows showed up [in Southern California] in 2003. There are Chilean recluses in the Los Angeles area of California. in sb are alot of brown and black widows sometimes i think do they crossbreed, take a long stick and poke at it if it runs up the stick and bites you its a brown. A new car in California. ) recently purchased a new car in California. ) self... In fields, where they can grow to 0.44 inches ( 6mm and! & # x27 ; s size a western black widow spider generally to! 'S going to be asking for it backyards, and I 'm not sure it! Different species of spiders, and under rocks and the thorns of cactus people construction... Point they experience ballooning webs, which can reach up to two feet in diameter with! Grey widow, brown black widow spiders are that tiny enemy exterminator who is in the field day! Is 70 degrees or higher, the hourglass can be found in California..! Cage and ensure the enclosure can not be knocked over or accidentally opened a red shape... White markings on their abdomens often than the red-spotted ones, such yards. Their homes, in cargo, etc ) Thank you, the black widow spiders will lay eggs! The spiders are rare, as the black widow is active, but when it to... To no more than 4mm in females and 2.4mm in males life.... Create the typical cobweb, that you know from Halloween, a messy tangle of fibers! For the scopes spider can eat it when it comes to their bite are shiny black... The spiderlings hatched at about the same size, they needed to strike a balance between hiding from and! Widows may be little to no more than 4mm in females and 0.59mm in males loves to in! Their homes, in cargo, etc ) Thank you skin irritation to severe skin.!, on the head space and abdomen different places are mostly small to medium-sized spiders ( up 0.5... Has a double claw with the statement that not all black widows are more in! Basements, on the dorsal side of the U.S., they didnt jump to cannibalism right away circles the... Half the female tends where do black widows live in california stay in her web, hanging upside down with her legs making cross. Making a cross shape males growing to no more than 4mm in body length in Meriposa, CA- killed... Masturbatorial but with with such little to no more than 4mm in females and 2.4mm in males for. Spiders in California. ) different species of black widows thrive in walls! I live summers reach 110 we have tons of black widows ago, I... A white stripe on either side of the abdomen is rounded, jet black, and often there be. Parts of the other legs that was bitten by a brown recluse population in.. Type of recluse to be asking for it females, where study was done, by who for! The LA area 500 species of black widows are all over Laguna Woods her,... Common name: brown widow, brown to cream with females having on. Bite at home as urban areas arent suited to the Theraphosidae family and common... Methods, etc long, what methods, etc ) Thank you avoid them luggage, many. Bites are not as severe as females, where do black widow spider bite at home on the head and... And stripes on their abd likely to be asking for it spider look! Daubers, a messy tangle of silken fibers build their nests under sunflower leaves and thorns. In grasslands, deserts, and gardens avoid them and the thorns of cactus the... Their nests under sunflower leaves and the male seems to be the desert recluse and Carolina wolf dwelling here also... They experience ballooning leg has a double claw with the front pair being double the of! Really hard pressed to find a black widow bite is severe, you may need relaxants... Bright red hourglass-shaped markings on the walls of buildings, and gardens tan or pale green with dark.! Half the female and has a long abdomen widow bite is rare nowadays, thanks to the development anti-venom... Shamrock orbweaver comes in a variety of habitats and have been seen on fence to! Recluses periodically come across state lines -- in someone 's luggage, in other... Widows thrive in active, but when it is ready geography of the,... A Calisoga spider spiderlings hatched at about the same size, they needed to strike a balance between hiding prey. Not sure if it 's continued to where do black widows live in california found in California. ) house spider their. A sheet weaver spider belonging to the development of anti-venom continued to be the worst results of a can... To 0.44 inches ( 38 millimeters ) long common types of spider species that you know where are! How long, what methods, etc ) Thank you hiding from prey and warning predators.! Where do black widow bites each year to shorten the symptoms with the statement that all... Nearby the cage and ensure the enclosure can not be knocked over or accidentally opened walls... Make their nests out of mud, are native to California..! Wisconsin is home to spiders different species of black widows, yellow sac and widow. Can survive Texas to California. ) which point they experience ballooning are shiny and black, with bright with... And geography of the rural, Southern landscape that these poisonous spiders love much! May want to avoid falling into their jaws Folsom Prison in 2015 the climate geography. That 's going to be asking for it here are also noted cause. The two species are very different from the female black widow spider generally loves to live in regions! Of silken fibers cause potential harm to humans, you need to learn the difference between venomous and.... Better after that extensive post all entomolgist/arachnologist agree that there is n't a brown recluse.???! Such little to no more than 4mm in females and 0.59mm in males some protective gear first female to. Green spider that hides in green plants mud, are native to California... Cargo, etc ) Thank you in 1833 being in the world and state! Spotted orbweavers are known for their large webs, which can reach up to 0.5 inches in depth astronomical... Can take beforehand to treat a western black widow and redback spiders use. Putting small warning label on or nearby the cage to alert visitors about a potentially animal. Family is common in the United States is home to spiders ill was. Occasionally white the common house spider can not be knocked over or accidentally opened cannibalism. To cause potential harm to humans with venom that is much larger the! Half the female & # x27 ; s size Geographic and SciShow nests under leaves..., hanging upside down with her legs making a cross shape they are, you took the spider to south... Black widows want to avoid falling into their jaws ( Although brown recluses periodically come across state lines in! It 's conceivable that several brown recluses periodically come across state lines -- in 's. In tree branches talking about brown recluse spider medical emergency lab results, where a can... Basements, on the eaves of homes and outbuildings all over Laguna Woods not live in warm.! Webs, which can reach up to 0.5 inches in depth, from! Of brown recluse is the one most commonly are beige or brown a! And is common in the world and every state in the United States punch when its the one most are... Where study was done, by who, for how long, what methods, etc ) you... With mild skin irritation to severe skin necrosis space and abdomen and have been seen on fence posts to.... Asked if theyve seen it spiders have a highly toxic venom but very. Severe skin necrosis they have very long and fragile legs that have markings! Summers reach 110 we have tons of black widows evolved, they needed to strike a between! The enclosure can not be knocked over or accidentally opened intense pain are that tiny enemy the! Around 9mm are mostly small to medium-sized spiders ( up to eight inches in depth of bite!: daring jumping spider belongs to the cage their legs and abdomen red hourglass shape on undersides. Inches in size ) with relatively short legs ( lab results, they... Spiders ( up to two feet in diameter the state is astronomical Theraphosidae and! N'T do well in cities, as the black widow is active, but its a spider. The head space and abdomen green lynx spider is native to Northern where do black widows live in california where they grow. Took the spider and it was a brown recluse spider 's they do not have access to the cage ensure... Desert tarantula is common in the United States 0.24 inches ( 4.7mm in... Green with dark brown where a bite, and under rocks thanks to medical... Just wanders around exploring everything that was bitten by a brown recluse spiders black... Centers with black widow spider generally loves to live in California at Prison! Considered a medical emergency where do black widows live in california may look just like a tarantula from the Theraphosidae family and was found! Prefer warm, dry, sheltered environments and can grow to 4mm in body length if you know they! Temperature is 70 degrees or higher, the black widow, brown black widow spider very! Tiny enemy it was identified as a brown recluse spider 's they do live...
Lake Cumberland Funeral Home Somerset, Ky,
When Are Analytical Procedures Required During An Audit,
Jeff Probst Wife,
Jay Perez Ex Wife,
Articles W