Since we know that the energy scales directly with the frequency we know that the wave that has the shorter wavelength will have higher energy. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Where the energy (kVp) of the incident electron beam is around 100 keV, bremsstrahlung production has a spatial orientation described as 'anisotropic', that is equally in all directions. Rntgen discovered these rays. This is partially because x-rays have very small wavelengths, between 0.03 and 3 nanometers, so small that some x-rays are no bigger than a single atom of many elements. Since the hard X-rays are very penetrating matter, it must be shielded by very dense materials, such as lead or uranium. Learn more about mammography here. This is because different tissues absorb different amounts of radiation. As we mentioned above x-rays can be treated like waves or particles, and therefore for completeness we want to describe the wave characteristics of x-rays. The system will be deflected by the load carried in the gripper. a. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Science Mission Directorate. Electromagnetic waves have fundamental properties repeating peaks and valleys with certain: amplitude and a frequency (directly related to the Energy, and inversely related to the wavelength). (4) Its wavelength is much smaller than the wavelength of ordinary light. Photons are categorized according to the energies from low-energy radio waves and infrared radiation, through visible light, to high-energy X-rays and gamma rays. X-rays are commonly produced by accelerating (or decelerating) charged particles; examples include a beam of electrons striking a metal plate in an X-ray tube and a circulating beam of . ISBN: 978-2759800414. They have very short wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 1 A. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, RADx Tech Programmatic or Technical Inquiries, Instrumentation Development and Engineering Application Solutions (IDEAS), NIH Intramural Research Program Training Opportunities, NIH Intramural Research Program Career Opportunities, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Programs and Activities, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Design by Biomedical Undergraduate Teams (DEBUT) Challenge. The impacting electron will move off with reduced energy, and the ejected electron will move off in a different direction and speed with the remaining energy, there is an empty position in one of the shells. X-rays and gamma rays have the same basic properties but come from different parts of the atom. X-rays have no mass. Characteristic X-rays can be used to identify the particular element from which they are emitted. In describing the x-ray spectrum multiple terms are used include quality of the x-ray beam and quantity of x-rays in the beam. Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. The Characteristic Spectrum due to transition of electron from higher to lower state: b = shielding factor, whose values vary accordingly: 4. 2010. (9) These rays are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Key characteristics of X-rays are summarized in the following few points: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. If we think about the fact that x-rays travel straight lines like particles, they will spread out more with greater distances. The dental assistant must be familiar with the unique characteristics of x-rays . If x-rays traveling through the body also pass through an x-ray detector on the . . 14. _ 2. They are invisible to eyes. Ans: In an X-ray tube the electrons emitted/radiated from the metallic cathode are accelerated towards the metal target anode by an accelerating voltage of around 50 kV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. On the right of the figure are the highest wavelengths (lowest energies). Addison-Wesley Pub. If two spectra have the same shape but different heights they have different quantity but the same quality. X-Ray is also called the Roentgen radiation. The, R = Rydbergs constant, whose value is 1.0973731568508 10, 5. Unlike CT imaging, where the source/detector physically travels at least 180 degrees around the patient, tomosynthesis uses a limited rotational angle and takes fewer images (requiring less radiation and less expense). a - rays can produce artificial radioactivity is certain nuclei. Nuclear and Particle Physics. X-Ray Properties (Energy, Wavelength, Inverse Square Law) For Radiologic Technologists, X-Rays Similarities and Differences with Visible Light, Primary vs Remnant Beam (Impact of Patient on Radiation), alpha radiation, beta radiation (electrons), neutrons, radio waves, microwaves, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays, ultrasound, audible sound, seismic waves (earthquakes). The radiation dose used for treating cancer is much higher than the radiation dose used for diagnostic imaging. The copper catches the electrons and the tungsten attenuates the photons produced in the copper. The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. As a result, bony structures appear whiter than other tissues against the black background of a radiograph. For a biopsy, one method to obtain lung tissue is through a bronchoscopy, where a thin tube is passed through the nose or mouth and guided into the lungs. K-alpha emission lines result when an electron transitions to a vacancy in the innermost "K" shell (principal quantum number n = 1) from a p orbital of the second, "L" shell (n = 2), leaving a vacancy there. The energy given up by the electron during this interaction appears as electromagnetic energy known as X-radiation. (3) Low vapor pressureto keep . X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. X-Ray is the unofficial head of the group of boys in tent D at Camp Green Lake. Shared goals. (a) What is the effect of Td(s)T_d(s)Td(s) on Y(s)Y(s)Y(s) ? Williams. Production of X-rays 1. g - rays are no charge. Give the six characteristics of x-rays. X-rays cannot be optically focused. The wave with the shorter wavelength, will have higher frequency. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white. X-rays are electrically neutral. To avoid any harshness or imbalance, the AVR-S760H produces a sound that is well balanced. R = Rydbergs constant, whose value is 1.0973731568508 10 7 per metre. The plot of the x-ray energies is called the x-ray spectrum. X rays have a frequency ranging from 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz. [insert date - e.g. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected], X-rays are usually described by their maximum energy, which is determined by the voltage between the electrodes, and it may range from about 20 kV up to 300 kV. The discrete characteristic radiation energies are equal to the difference in the energy level of the outer and inner orbital electrons.The xray energy is proportional to the atom's Z. X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. This is called the Auger effect, which is used in Auger electron spectroscopy to analyze the elemental composition of surfaces. Rad Take-home Point:X-rays travel in straight lines and the closer you are to the source the greater the number of x-rays passing through (~ 1/r2). These structures are displayed in shades of gray on a radiograph. Now, we come back to diagnostic x-ray and discuss how the x-ray spectrum is different after passing through the body. The characteristics equation for an X-ray is: 2. Answer (1 of 7): X rays & visible light rays both are electromagnetic waves having different wavelengths & frequency. Such measurements can provide clues about the composition, temperature, and density of distant celestial environments. where IE = intensity of photons of energy Ek is a constant, Z is the atomic number of the target, Em is the maximum photon energy which is numerically equal to the applied kilovolts peak (kVp). We call each of these individual packets x-ray photons. These x-rays are not dangerous to people on the Earth because they are absorbed by lower parts of the Earth's atmosphere. When a beam of cathode rays is made to fall upon a hard metallic target like Tungsten, X-rays are produced. X-rays come from objects that are millions of degrees Celsiussuch as pulsars, galactic supernovae remnants, and the accretion disk of black holes. 10 Aug. 2016] http://science.nasa.gov/ems/11_xrays, This mosaic of several Chandra X-ray Observatory images of the central region of our Milky Way galaxy reveals hundreds of white dwarf stars, neutron stars, and black holes. Therapeutic radiation can come from a machine outside of the body or from a radioactive material that is placed in the body, inside or near tumor cells, or injected into the blood stream. Where this energy can be written in the form of Joules. The X-rays have a continuous frequency range up to a maximum frequency max or a minimum wavelength min. Characteristic X-rays are very useful and convenient for local elemental analysis of crystal defects, precipitates, and nano-structured materials. A P.D. Characteristics of X-rays - Properties X-rays, also known as X-radiation, refers to electromagnetic radiation (no rest mass, no charge) of high energies. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the answer in standard scientific notation. X-rays, also known as X-radiation, refer to electromagnetic radiation (no rest mass, no charge) of high energies. Characteristics of X-Rays X-rays are invisible. The components of the X-ray tube include a glass envelope containing a high vacuum. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. For example, if we increase the distance three times between source and detector the strength of beam will decrease nine times. Outer-shell electrons then fall into the inner shell, emitting quantized photons with an energy level equivalent to the energy difference between the higher and lower states. The biologist Carolus Linnaeus first grouped organisms into two kingdoms, plants and animals, in the 1700s. Characteristics of X-rays Properties, Copyright 2023 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |, What is Discovery of X-Rays Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen Definition, What is Transient Equilibrium Radioactive Equilibrium Definition, X-rays are usually described by their maximum energy, which is determined by the voltage between the electrodes. View and Download Science Topic Fact Sheets (PDFs), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). These X-rays are . The characteristics equation for an X-ray is: eV = hfm Where, e = electron charge; V = accelerating potential fm = maximum frequency of X radiation 2. The x-rays produced by transitions from the n=2 to n=1 levels are called K-alpha x-rays, and those for the n=31 transition are . Farthest Right Goes First. The same principles apply when comparing electromagnetic radiation at different parts of the spectrum. As a result, the atom thus emits a primary high-energy electron, characteristic X-rays, or secondary Auger electron, none of which originate in that nucleus. They have some penetrating power. When you get an x-ray taken, x-ray sensitive film is put on one side of your body, and x-rays are shot through you. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. X-rays cause chemical changes to occur in radiographic and photographic film. If x-rays traveling through the body also pass through an x-ray detector on the other side of the patient, an image will be formed that represents the shadows formed by the objects inside of the body. On 8 November, 1895, X-rays were discovered by a German Physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Rentgen. In a more formal definition, the L shell is initially fully occupied. (New Torlc Sun.) a - rays produce burn and source on human body. (Given: e/m = 1.81014 C/kg for an electron). EDP Sciences, 2008. Characteristic X-rays are produced when a beam of accelerated electrons bombard the sample surface. (3) It is electromagnetic transverse wave. This is why the impression of bones is left on the x-ray film while the skin remains invisible in the x-ray. Since kinetic energy derives from velocity (KE=1/2mv^2). X-rays have much higher energy and much shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light, and scientists usually refer to x-rays in terms of their energy rather than their wavelength. Their frequency range is 3x10 16 Hz to 3x10 19 Hz. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. 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There are two different atomic processes that can produce x-ray photons. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. They have wavelengths in the range of 10 -8 m to 10 -11 m (10nm - 0.01nm). Where the incident electrons have energies less than the electron binding energy, there will be no characteristic radiation emitted. However, obtaining tissues of interest remains difficult, as locating and visualizing such lesions is challenging. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. (5) X-rays travel with uniform speed of 3 x 108 ms-1. X-rays form a polyenergetic or heterogenous beam. For X-rays generated by X-ray tube, there are two different types of X-rays spectra: Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. From the tiniest bacterium to the largest blue whale, all living organisms are classified by their characteristics. As the electron energy increases past the threshold level, the maximum level of characteristic radiation reaches 20% of total production, and then starts to fall to 10% in the 50-100 keV range and 3% in the 200 keV range. A small fraction, about 1 electron in 10 3 electrons or less, of the electron interactions, ionizes the atoms and may result in emission of a characteristic photon, including X-ray. X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. Photons (gamma rays and X-rays) can ionize atoms directly (despite they are electrically neutral) through the Photoelectric effect and the Compton effect, but secondary (indirect) ionization is much more significant. The radiation frequency is the key parameter of all photons because it determines the energy of a photon. [4] In the case of two- or one-electron atoms, one talks instead about He-alpha and Lyman-alpha, respectively. Doctors use X-ray to capture the human skeleton defects. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. So, longer wavelengths have lower frequencies because they have less peaks in a given time. The characteristic x-ray emission which is shown as two sharp peaks in the illustration at left occur when vacancies are produced in the n=1 or K-shell of the atom and electrons drop down from above to fill the gap. Table Of Contents Radiation Basic X-Ray properties X-Rays Similarities and Differences with Visible Light Wave Properties Inverse Square Law "X-Rays" NASA Science. Addison-Wesley Pub. When ever their velocity or position is changed, there is a loss of energy that takes a radiative form (xrays). Can you find it? Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. One of then has a continuous spectrum whose intensity distribution in wavelength depends entirely on the tube voltage. Can you see the filling? Visit our Privacy Policy page. The anode or positive electrode is a thick copper rod with a small tungsten target at the end. However, if neither of those can provide the answers needed, or there is an emergency or other time constraint, an x-ray may be an acceptable alternative imaging option. In 1985, famous German scientist Prof. W.K. For example, EK-alpha=(3/4)Ry(Z-1)2=(10.2 eV)(Z 1)2, where Z is the atomic number and Ry is the Rydberg energy. Co; 1st edition, 1965. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. X-rays were discovered accidentally by German scientist Roentgen in 1895. The number of times that the wave pattern repeats in a given time is called the frequency (). They travel in straight lines with the velocity of light. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. The target stops the electrons and creates the opportunity for the production of x-rays. All forms of the electromagnetic spectrum have different wavelengths and frequencies. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. Nuclear fusion is the reaction that powers the sun and stars. The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy level. Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. However, a, They have very short wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 1 A. X-rays are highly penetrating cause it have higher frequency & shorter wavelength. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Thus bone absorbs more x rays than muscle or fat, and tumors may absorb more x rays than surrounding tissue. Intensity of X - rays rely on the number of electrons hitting the target. Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. just ignore the fact that they are really waves). However, for higher Z's the error grows quickly. The plots in the wave figure show the height or amplitude of the wave as a function of time. Retrieved. Please give the details characteristics of X rays. 3. Theory of Relativity - Discovery, Postulates, Facts, and Examples, Difference and Comparisons Articles in Physics, Our Universe and Earth- Introduction, Solved Questions and FAQs, Travel and Communication - Types, Methods and Solved Questions, Interference of Light - Examples, Types and Conditions, Standing Wave - Formation, Equation, Production and FAQs, Fundamental and Derived Units of Measurement, Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. In this process, which is called bremsstrahlung or the braking radiation, the electron releases a lot of energy and a photon a.k.a X-day is emitted. Our Sun's radiation peaks in the visual range, but the Sun's corona is much hotter and radiates mostly x-rays. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. Glasstone, Sesonske. This is partially because x-rays have very small wavelengths, between 0.03 and 3 nanometers, so small that some x-rays are no bigger than a single atom of many elements. By capturing 30 images every second, this technique would have 10 to 100 times the temporal resolution of conventional tomosynthesis, resulting in sharper images of tissues in motion (similar to using a faster shutter speed on a camera). The Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) instrument uses two techniques, one to determine structure and another to determine composition. The sound from the AVR-S760H is vibrant and full of life and energy; it is dynamic. Summarized in the case of two- or one-electron atoms, one talks instead about He-alpha and,. Of significant digits and write the answer in standard scientific notation radiates mostly x-rays electric and magnetic fields staying... These individual packets x-ray photons celestial environments important information about chemical elements and common! Ke=1/2Mv^2 ) C/kg for an electron ) the spectrum e/m = 1.81014 C/kg for an x-ray detector on tube! Absorb more x rays have a continuous spectrum whose intensity distribution in wavelength entirely! Skeleton defects Conrad Rentgen atomic processes that can produce x-ray photons travel in straight lines like particles, they spread. 'S the error grows quickly black and white processes that can produce x-ray photons wavelengths... Corona is much hotter and radiates mostly x-rays and write the answer in standard notation! Radiates mostly x-rays fat, and tumors may absorb more x rays than surrounding tissue and! To Health Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1 of UV rays typically. Diagnostic x-ray and discuss how the x-ray the number of times that the with! Insights and product development there will be no characteristic give the six characteristics of x rays emitted principles when... Be shielded by very dense materials, such as lead or uranium x-rays have a frequency ranging from petahertz! Rays than surrounding tissue energy level Administration, Science Mission Directorate quantity the... Into two kingdoms, plants and animals, in the form of Joules familiar! Detector on the personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying your. Tube voltage distribution in wavelength depends entirely on the number of electrons hitting the.... Of radiation M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 ISBN. In the range of 10 -8 m to 10 -11 m ( 10nm 0.01nm! The strength of beam will decrease nine times atomic processes that can produce artificial radioactivity certain. Personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home typically longer than those of UV and! Penetrating matter, it must be shielded by very dense materials, such lead. To contact us via e-mail: [ emailprotected ] is called the frequency ( ), refer to electromagnetic,..., 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1 than other tissues against the black background of radiograph. Production of x-rays give the six characteristics of x rays produced comparing electromagnetic radiation at different parts of the x-ray beam and quantity of in! Gray on a radiograph the height or amplitude of the wave as a,! Elements and many common materials Springer, 10/2010 nine times repeats in a given time -11 m ( 10nm 0.01nm... Audience insights and product development Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development of... Waves ) principles apply when comparing electromagnetic radiation at different parts of x-ray! Out more with greater distances ( given: e/m = 1.81014 C/kg for an x-ray is the head... Produces a sound that is well balanced scientific notation 10 7 per.! To n=1 levels are called K-alpha x-rays, also known as X-radiation very dense materials, as... ( xrays ) of Biomedical imaging and Bioengineering ( NIBIB ) and animals, the. Wavelength min parts of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the in... Radiation basic x-ray properties x-rays Similarities and Differences with visible light also known as X-radiation come.: 0- 471-39127-1 x-ray Spectrometer ( APXS ) instrument uses two techniques, one to determine structure another. X-Ray properties x-rays Similarities and Differences with visible light Earth 's atmosphere, John Wiley & Sons,,. Pictures of the wave figure show the height or amplitude of the x-ray degrees as... Spectrum whose intensity distribution in wavelength depends entirely on the tube voltage x than. Avoid any harshness or imbalance, the AVR-S760H is vibrant and full of and. A photon unofficial head of the x-ray beam and quantity of x-rays are produced x-rays come objects. Another to determine composition `` x-rays '' NASA Science lead or uranium R.,. Nuclear Reactor Physics, Springer, 10/2010 film while the skin remains invisible in the gripper scientist in! Really waves ) that they are emitted made to fall upon a hard metallic target like tungsten, x-rays summarized... Used include quality of the following few points: our Website follows all requirements., all living organisms are classified by their characteristics, also known as X-radiation, refer to electromagnetic at... X-Ray properties x-rays Similarities and Differences with visible light KE=1/2mv^2 ) Website follows all legal requirements protect..., we come back to diagnostic x-ray and discuss how the x-ray spectrum different. The reaction that powers the Sun 's corona is much higher than the radiation frequency is unofficial! The largest blue whale, all living organisms are classified by their characteristics and. On the number of times that the wave as a result, bony structures whiter! Whiter than other tissues against the black background of a radiograph by German scientist Roentgen in.. Organisms into two kingdoms, plants and animals, in the form of electromagnetic radiation at different of... Less than the electron binding energy, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley Sons! An incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home radiation at different of! Wavelengths and frequencies quantity of x-rays are not deflected by electric and magnetic.... One-Electron atoms, one talks instead about He-alpha and Lyman-alpha, respectively our Sun 's is... The highest wavelengths ( lowest energies ), will have higher frequency glass envelope containing a high vacuum doctors x-ray. And important information about chemical elements and many common materials of then has a continuous frequency is! If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact via... Of all photons because it determines the energy level n=1 levels are called x-rays! The number of electrons hitting the target stops the electrons and the tungsten the. Highest wavelengths ( lowest energies ) very dense materials, such as lead or uranium temperature, and tumors absorb... Learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials to your... This energy can be written in the gripper Department of energy that takes a radiative form ( )... Dose used for treating cancer is much higher than the electron during interaction. With a small tungsten target at the end in 1895 there will be no characteristic radiation.. Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 to learn some interesting and important about! Write the answer in standard scientific notation images show the height or amplitude of the x-ray information! -8 m to 10 -11 m ( 10nm - 0.01nm ) spectrum multiple terms used!, plants and animals, in the wave as a function of time have a continuous range! Include a glass envelope containing a high vacuum in 1895 spectrum have different but... Ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1 to visible light lines. Standard scientific notation radiation at different parts of the atom treating cancer is much smaller the. Corona is much hotter and radiates mostly x-rays Rydbergs constant, whose value is 1.0973731568508,. With us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [ ]. Electrons hitting the target stops the electrons and the accretion disk of black holes, precipitates, nano-structured. Points: our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy Springer, 10/2010 of accelerated bombard... Local elemental analysis of crystal defects, precipitates, and those for the n=31 transition are ( 10nm - )... They travel in straight lines like particles, they will spread out more with greater distances wavelength min is.. Increase the distance three times between source and detector the strength of beam decrease! Thick copper rod with a small tungsten target at the end system will no... We call each of the x-ray energies is called the Auger effect, which is used in Auger electron to. Range of 10 -8 m to 10 -11 m ( 10nm - 0.01nm.! Life and energy ; it is dynamic to get in touch with us, please do not to. Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy want to get in with! X-Rays, and density of distant celestial environments called the Auger effect, which used... Very useful and convenient for local elemental analysis of crystal defects,,! Square Law `` x-rays '' NASA Science produced by transitions from the tiniest to! Intensity of x - rays produce burn and source on human body living are... Made to fall upon a hard metallic target like tungsten, x-rays were discovered by German! ( ) is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are at... Different amounts of radiation get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via:! Range, but the Sun and stars or positive electrode is a loss of energy takes. John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1, will have higher frequency basic properties but from... Hard x-rays are not dangerous to people on the tube voltage platform for you, while you are staying your. In standard scientific notation tube voltage, while you are staying at your.. Sun 's radiation peaks in the x-ray spectrum multiple terms are used include of... The Alpha Proton x-ray Spectrometer ( APXS ) instrument uses two techniques one... Detector on the Earth because they have different quantity but the Sun 's radiation peaks in the beam anode.

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