So why do we have schemas? Gender development is examined from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive perspectives. However, each theory has a slightly different perspective on how that may occur. This phenomenon is not evidenced in fraternal twins or non-twin siblings to the same degree (Bevan, 2017). In the past, gender identity was thought to be influenced only by social and familial factors. In the social cognitive theory of gender, children's gender develops through the rewards and punishments from their parents for gender-appropriate behavior. Clarify how biology may impact gender development through evolution, genetics, epigenetics, and learning. Clarify Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. Before then, lets be sure we have some important foundational knowledge of psychoanalytic theory. The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. We begin to learn rules of how we are to act, what behavior is accepted and desired by others, what is not, etc. Kohlberg's theory of gender development. Sex-based explanations explain that gendered behaviors have occurred as a way to adapt and increase the chances of reproduction. Within this theory, it is assumed that children actively create their schemas about gender by keeping or discarding information obtained through their experiences in their environment (Dinella, 2017). However, by age 2, they show preferences. Outline strengths and weaknesses of these theories. Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. They are a cheat sheet that makes things easier and quicker, essentially. What does Gender Schema Theory suggest about a childs perception and development of their gender identity? Sex refers to an individual's biological status as either male or female (or hermaphrodite). This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. Clarify how Freud theorized gender and how his theory applies to gender in psychology. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. Social learning theory. Things can only be one or the other, and there is very little flexibility in schemas. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research Module 4 - Gender Through a Developmental Psychology Lens by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Teachers also tend to praise boys and girls for different behaviors. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. 2 Society tends to see gender as binary. In order to come to its conclusions, the essay examines the two approaches to gender development. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. And lastly, nondeclarative emotional learning involves the amygdala and hypothalamus. How do Martin and Halverson believe that gender develops? Next, we will learn about Kohlbergs cognitive development theory and how he explained gender development. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Biological factors play a huge role in shaping children's physical development. While sex and gender are not the same, society often operates around the binary structure of gender -- male vs female. We will also learn about gender schema theory. Cognitive processes bring changes to the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Lets quickly recap basic biology. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. As such, the idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy. -emphasizes that children's and adolescents' gender development is influenced by their observation and imitation of others' gender behavior and the rewards/punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior compliance following rules, and being neat and orderly are valued and reinforced in many classrooms boys Again, you can see, very clearly, that there is an underlying assumption that healthy development equals heterosexuality, which is a major criticism of Freuds theory (Sammons, n.d.). Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. Give examples that support your conclusion. In fact, she went as far as to counter Freuds penis envy with womb envy (a man envying a womans ability to have children). However, they described the baby as angry or irritable when told the infant was a boy. This theory tends to be more supported, compared to sex-based theories (Bevan, 2017). It does not explain why gender identities and certain attitudes regarding gender emerge but merely describes what this process looks like and when specific changes occur. We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning - psychoanalytic theories. Expert Answer Gender development is influenced by many forces of life. If you want to read more about a case that Freud worked on that directly deals with and outlines the Oedipus complex, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html has a nice summary of the story of Little Hans. How do children develop schemas? This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. In early childhood, peers are pretty direct about guiding gender-typical behaviors. Nutrition Proper nutrition is a vital factor in a child's overall development. These stages are: Gender Identity Gender Stability Gender Constancy Let's take a deeper look at each stage now. As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. Lawrence Kohlberg proposesd the first cognitive developmental theory. Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the gender schema theory in 1981. This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. First, children start recognizing their own gender groups and begin to build schemas. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. She noted that ones family can strongly influence their development (or lack thereof) of this complex. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. What are the 3 major theories of gender development? ), or if they were overly threatened by females in their family (especially their mothers), they may develop contempt for their own gender. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development. A childs desire to fit into their in-group may be an evolutionary trait. Hormones are chemicals in our body's endocrine system carried through the bloodstream that performs specific functions. The verbal recall component is the declarative component and the individual actually experiencing the events (not simply being told about them) is the episodic component. Developmental PSYC practice exam FINAL. So, what does this have to do with Freuds stages and theory? Although we are focusing on the negative, think about what could happen if we saw a shift in that focus! This is learning in which we obtain behavioral feedback from people and our environment and make adjustments based on it(Bevan, 2017). Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. The most likely strategy, if there is no trainer/employee around to ask, is to watch what someone does on the machine. 60 terms. The biosocial approach (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972) is an interactionist approach where by nature and nurture both play a role in gender development. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. have been scrutinized. When were cognitive approaches to psychology first introduced? Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes are all connected in the developmental task of a baby smiling at his or her mother's touch. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. 4.3.1. Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. Nature vs nurture: the debate in psychology suggests that our differences are due to natural (or genetic) predispositions or nurture (or environmental) influences. Thus, it appears that gender development in those exposed to DES, particularly males, is greatly impacted (Bevan, 2017). In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. Research has shown that there is a genetic predisposition where gender is concerned. We will discuss a few of those briefly but will focus more on major concepts and generally accepted processes. The first approach is biological, whereby two theories will be examined: sociobiological theory and biosocial theory. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverson suggested that children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. what techniques are used in cognitive approaches? This theory of gender suggests that a childs perception and development of their gender identity comes from a certain type of thought pattern called a schema. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. This theory is most obvious when individuals are predisposed to a gender that does not align with biological sex, also referred to as transgender. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). In two studies, children had difficulty remembering nontraditional and opposite-sex stimuli even when given additional interpretations (e.g. It is clear that even very early theories of gender development recognized the importance of environmental or familial influences, at least to some degree. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). In fact, they found that this drug had cancer-related impacts out to three generations! 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