UCERF3: A new earthquake forecast for California's complex fault system, Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States, Seismic-Hazard Maps for California, Nevada, and Western Arizona/Utah. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Well, recently i have been involved in an at fault car accident and had no car insurance at the time. Why are there so many earthquakes and faults in the Western United States? Numbers for i can be compared with the NUVEL1-A Euler pole for the Pacific with respect to North America: PAC-NAM; = (-0.101, 0.483, -0.562) (DeMets et al. 2001), leading us to expect significant viscoelastic effects (cf.McClusky et al. The characteristic length scales of spatial stress variation that result from the smoothed model are 50 km; and the 1s uncertainties of the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress axis, th1, are 15. The exploration of the scale dependence of the match between stress inversion and moment summation results will be the subject of future study (see Sheridan & Ben-Zion 2000). We therefore have nGPS= 533 velocity observations, with ?GPS=nGPS 2 horizontal components (no vertical motions are included in the SCEC model). 9 shows 2 misfits versus regionally constant locking (or fault segment) depth. constrain suggests the effect of a force or circumstance that limits freedom of action or choice. Compare the relative in the Table (amplitudes are in ? A Quaternary fault is one that has been recognized at the surface and that has moved in the past 1,600,000 years (1.6 million years). This broadening would be interpreted as a large dl in our half-space model. 2002a). Restricting the inversion to GPS data (= 0), we find that there is a broad minimum of 2 for locking depths of 9 km. Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks. Accurate diagnosis of faults in complex engineering systems requires acquiring the information through sensors, processing the information using advanced signal processing algorithms, and extracting required features for . 5 in Fig. Taking the relative motion between blocks K and L as a regional approximation to the plate-tectonic motion of the Pacific plate with respect to stable North America, we find that the positive || Euler poles from our inversion, , lie typically to the northwest of that from NUVEL1-A (DeMets et al. Pollitz 2003). We will mainly use pre-assigned locking depths to each fault segment from seismicity (Hauksson 2000), with typical values of 15 km which were held fixed. Since its formation, the Great Valley has continued to be low in elevation. Fig. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. This ambiguity is perhaps not too surprising given the complexity of the SAF in these regions. Before the snap, you push your fingers together and sideways. We use a block geometry that is greatly simplified with respect to mapped faults, while still containing the major fault strands of the San Andreas system, specifically the San Jacinto and Elsinore segments (Figs 1 and 2). Figure 1 shows the types of faults that can cause earthquakes. As discussed in Section 2.3, the fault locking depth, dl, is the major control on the width of the transition between vGPS and vp across faults. These fault segments are given a different value for name, number, code, or dip direction and so in the database each segment occurs as its own unique entity. We found that all solutions were stable with respect to the relative block motions as mapped into the fault slip rates when the damping scheme was modified in terms of a, or if small singular values were eliminated for a= 0. Am., Cordilleran Section, Abstracts with Programs, Variable rates of Late Quaternary strike-slip on the San Jacinto fault zone, An elusive blind-thrust fault beneath metropolitan Los Angeles, High-resolution strain variability in southern California from analysis of 80,000 earthquakes (Abstract), Holocene activity of the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek, California, A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas fault in Southern California, Interpreting focal mechanisms in a heterogeneous stress field (Abstract), Coulomb stress accumulation along the San Andreas fault system, Inversion of relative motion data for estimates of the velocity gradient field and fault slip, Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Crustal Dynamics, A 300- to 550-year history of slip on the Imperial Fault near the US-Mexico border; missing slip at the Imperial Fault bottleneck, Geomorphic clues to paleoseismicity; examples from the eastern Ventura Basin, Los Angeles County, California, First long-term slip-rate along the San Andreas Fault based on, Paleoseismology of the Elsinore Fault at Agua Tibia Mountain, southern California, Uplift gradient along the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga fault zone, Los Angeles, California (Abstract), Geol. Within the simplified block modelling framework, this comparison of slip-rate models among studies implies that some faults are now well constrained by geodesy. Here, 1 and 3 denote the largest and the smallest eigenvalue of t, respectively, with tension taken positive. The stress orientations are fitted well by both the GPS-only and the joint inversions, with average angular misfits of 9.4 and 8.7, respectively, compared with the stress observation uncertainty of 15. 10b). We note that there are no assumptions about the frictional behaviour of faults in the inversion. (8) by least-squares like eq. Our approach of velocity modelling follows Meade et al. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. BModerately constrained: One or both components of the slip rate are less than well constrained. This indicates that slip rates can be robustly determined. Divisions of geologic timeMajor chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units, UCERF3: A new earthquake forecast for California's complex fault system, 20 cool facts about the New Madrid Seismic Zone-Commemorating the bicentennial of the New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 1811-February 1812 [poster], Where's the San Andreas fault? The California Emergency Management Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists' recommendations. Argus D.F. 2003), 1 mm yr-1 normal (Beanland & Clark 1993). There are three main types of fault which can cause earthquakes: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. One of the most robust signals for regional variations in dl came from the Parkfield region, especially if all GPS data were included. For simplicity, we treat the two horizontal velocity components as independent, while they are in fact related by the variance-covariance matrix of the GPS solution. To save this word, you'll need to log in. For = 1, this procedure typically leads to a reduction in the 2 misfit of the stresses by a factor of 2 and a reduction in stress amplitudes of 10 per cent when compared with the scaled stresses predicted from eq. The main effect of excluding outliers is to reduce the formal misfit of the inversion (Section 3.1). The San Andreas Fault and 6 other Bay Area fault zones are on both sides of the bay: San Gregorio fault zone, Hayward fault zone, Franklin fault, Green Valley fault zone, Moraga fault, San Jose fault and Monte Vista-Shannon fault zone. Stick orientation shows the major compressive stress axes, eh2, and length scales with the maximum horizontal shear stress. have occurred as few as 45 years and as many as 300 years apart. force is the general term and implies the overcoming of resistance by the exertion of strength, power, or duress. The scale for slip rates [different for (a) and (b)] and residual velocities is indicated along with the mean residual velocity vector length, v, and the component-wise mean misfit (in brackets). For example, a streambed that crosses the San Andreas fault near Los Angeles is now offset 83 meters (91 yards) from its original course. 1999). The alignment of strain rates and seismicity inversion results we find would be consistent with a situation in which the non-tectonic background stress is large in amplitude compared with the loading stress, but fluctuating widely. The misfit to the GPS velocities is slightly larger for this joint model, with v> 2.3 mm yr-1 (2v= 3666, compared with the = 0 result (#x3008;v> 2.1, 2v= 3082). The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. An extension of this approach, in which one solves for individual Euler vectors for each block, was applied to the eastern California shear zone by McClusky et al. F depends only on the location of the fault mid-point and converts block motions to global relative displacements in the half-space. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. (2001); (5) Harden & Matti (1989); (6) Santa Monica system: left-lateral: Treiman (1994), Dolan et al. 2003), and such measurements are typically confined to shallow depths of 1 km. The signals for the Tohoku event are dominated by energy from a spatially concentrated main slip patch, with later rupture being less well resolved, so overall fault dimensions are also . Savage & Burford's (1973) backslip method has been used by, for example, Bennett et al. Poorly constrained is an earthquake with the hypocenter epicenter a shallow earthquake where Pp-P=0 if P=S with a high area of spreading of the seismic waves that is creating multiple points of in depth location. An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. This implies a transition from localized slip to smooth flow at depths greater than dl. The SAF fault segment south of the San Bernardino mountains (no. Souter B.J.. Meade B.J. 2002a). The mean velocity misfit of this model, |v|>, is 2.1 mm yr-1 (1.4 mm yr-1 component-wise). 2002a). Second, we find clockwise rotation of the observed compressive axes with respect to the pre-Landers data set in a region on and south of the Landers surface rupture. Shaw & Shearer 1999; Plesch et al. Here , , and T denote sublithospheric viscosity, shear modulus, and earthquake cycle time, respectively. We have experimented with a range of damping schemes and noticed that the solution for is not as well constrained as the fault slip rates. Sieh K.E. When using a Kostrov (1974) summation as in Fig. 1. Using this method, much of the velocity field can be explained regionally, such as by introducing an Aegean subdivision to the Anatolian microplate (McClusky et al. 1997), respectively; (7) Weldon & Sieh (1985); (8) and (9) Dokka & Travis (1990); (10) Sieh & Jahns (1984); (11) McGill & Sieh (1993); (12) Combination of Deep springs: 1 mm yr-1 normal (Lee et al. However, there need not be a one-to-one correspondence between the slip rates from the two methods, especially when geomorphological studies that consider timescales larger than 10 earthquake recurrence times are included. Pfanner J. Bornyaxz M. Lindvall S., Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. well constrained by the GPS data set, we consider two values: h c=10 20 Pa s and h =1.5 1017 Pa s; the larger Figure 2. This also implies that the background stress heterogeneity that is unrelated to the tectonic loading has little detectable signal on the lengthscales considered. 1995, see discussion below).The fault runs roughly parallel to the Danube River and nominally extends ~200 km from Regensburg, Germany, to Linz in . Lindvall S. Herzberg M. Murbach D. Dawson T. Berger G.. Schroeder J.M. San Cayetano, Cucamunga, and Sierra Madre faults show thrust rates of 1-8 mm yr-1 (Rockwell 1988), 3-5 mm yr-1 (Walls et al. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. what is a well constrained fault. The SAF Indio slips at 23 mm yr-1, faster than the SJF (15 mm yr-1); this inferred difference in strain accumulation is in contrast to seismicity rates that are higher on the SJF (e.g. This section describes how earthquakes happen and how they are measured. In this sense, and if focal mechanism inversions find the stress tensor, we can interpret the large angular misfit (a from our model rotated counter-clockwise with respect to inversion stress) that we see in the Landers region for the post-rupture data set in Fig. A discrepancy between the models, which could be due to the different choices of fault geometry, is that we find more slip on the SAF Indio than on the San Jacinto, whereas the reverse is true for Meade et al. Sieh & Jahns 1984; Rockwell et al. Thrust motion is instead placed on the SBM region (11 mm yr-1). 5) and joint ( = 1, Fig. . When an earthquake occurs, it generates an expanding wavefront from the earthquake. check the box for "U.S. Faults". Tags . The distribution of slip on the southernmost San Andreas system in our joint inversion is broadly consistent with the first of the previously proposed models (Section 1). The authors argue that the relative motions between crustal blocks can be well explained by smooth basal velocity gradients driving a system without significant interseismic strain accumulation in the brittle-elastic part of the lithosphere. Fault diagnosis is the process of tracing a fault by means of its symptoms, applying knowledge, and analyzing test results. (4). What is a fault and what are the different types? Geodetic results support this model; the slip rate on the SJF is larger than on the SAF in Johnson's (1993) initial inversion and the more comprehensive approach of Meade et al. 10). The integration of distributed energy resources is expected to require extensive use of communication systems as well as a variety of interconnected technologies for monitoring, protection, and control. 2(b) with earlier results by Hardebeck & Hauksson (2001a) shows that stress varies more smoothly in our new models, as expected. (2002a). 2003). More recently, Meade et al. We should, however, be cautious with the interpretation of GPS data, which are still not dense enough to narrow down fault mechanics to the required degree. mouse-over each fault to get a pop-up window An online map of faults (Quaternary Fault and Fold Database of the United States) that includes California is in the Faults section of the Earthquake Hazards Program website. Available . This procedure leads to very similar relative block motions and model misfits when compared with an alternative approach in which we subtract Lr from the SCEC velocities first and set L constant and identical to zero. (1982) for the Indio segment of the SAF, and gives a new slip rate of 15 3 mm yr-1 (1s). Search for other works by this author on: We subdivide the study region into crustal blocks on the surface of a sphere. The mean 1s uncertainty on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1. Earthquake, Earthquake Preparedness, Paleoseismology, Neotectonic Processes . This result implies that interseismic loading and seismicity appear to be correlated over the lengthscales and timescales we have studied in our model. The typical along-strike length and down-dip width of each patch were 6 km 15 km; further lateral refinement (or coarsening) did not affect the results significantly. The geologic conditions and plate tectonic setting in much of the Western U.S. has resulted in the region being underlain by relatively thin crust and having high heat flow, both of which can favor relatively high deformation rates and active faulting. Averaging is performed over all subdivisions of the main, straight segments shown in Fig. What is a fault and what are the different types? We also thank Tom Rockwell for providing comments on palaeoseismological results for southern California, and for pointing out some of the intricacies of trenching in the trenches. 9). The A Quaternary fault is one that has been recognized at the surface and that has moved in the past 1,600,000 years (1.6 million years). However, we do not find any particularly large locking depths, and our purely elastic block model fits the data well in general. Delivered to your inbox! Kamb B. Payne C.M. Steps? Depending on the assumptions about the stress-drop magnitude with respect to the background stress, this rotatight, however, not persist for a significant fraction of the seismic cycle. 6, and compare with results in Fig. 1) takes up a small amount of left-lateral motion (2 mm yr-1), with large formal uncertainties, so that we cannot distinguish it from not slipping at all. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Flannery B.P.. Rockwell T.K. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, responsible for monitoring, reporting, and researching earthquakes and earthquake hazards as well as other ways. Because there are . This oblique collision is interpreted to be the fundamental cause for the . For the model in Fig. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. California. We have also excluded some data from the dense GPS networks around Parkfield and Anza for a more uniform spatial coverage, and have removed those GPS stations that either we or Shen et al. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. 5a) and normal slip rates (Fig. The candidate will combine improved spatiotemporal deformation maps derived from satellite and airborne InSAR and GPS time series with advanced numerical modeling techniques to better constrain fault slip/locking, source parameters of solid-Earth dynamic events, local stress/strain changes due to tectonic and non-tectonic perturbations, and to . (Bay Area Earthquake Alliance) For faults in California and the rest of the United States (as well as the latest earthquakes) use the Latest Earthquakes Map: click on the "Basemaps and Overlays" icon in the upper right corner of the map. A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Concealed fault zones or fault trend zones formed in the cap rocks of sedimentary basin, which is influenced by the regional or local stress field, and activities in the basement rift system. Mtg, Cordilleran Section, Abstracts with Programs, Combination of VLBI, SLR and GPS determined station velocities for actual plate kinematic and crustal deformation models, Active deformation of Asia: from kinematics to dynamics, PacificNorth America plate boundary deformation in the greater Salton Trough area, southern California, USA (abstract), Dynamics of the PacificNorth American plate boundary in the western United States, Comparison of geodetic and geologic data from the Wasatch region, Utah, and implications for the spectral character of Earth deformation at periods of 10 to 10 million years, Diffuse oceanic plate boundaries: Strain rates, vertically averaged rheology, and comparisons with narrow plate boundaries and stable plate interiors, The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motion, Crustal stress field in southern California and its implications for fault mechanics, Stress orientations obtained from earthquake focal mechanisms; what are appropriate uncertainty estimates, A new method for determining first-motion focal mechanisms, Holocene and late Pleistocene slip rates on the San Andreas Fault in Yucaipa, California, using displaced alluvial-fan deposits and soil chronology, Crustal structure and seismicity distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North America plate boundary in southern California, Paleoseismic investigation of the Simi fault at Arroyo Simi, Simi Valley, CA: Evidence for timing of Late Holocene earthquakes on the Simi-Santa Rosa fault zone, Fault map of California with Locations of Volcanoes, Thermal Springs, and Thermal Wells, Techniques and studies in crustal deformation, Lower crustal flow in an extensional setting; constraints from the Halloran Hills region, eastern Mojave Desert, California, Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas fault zone in the southern Indio Hills, Coachella Valley, California, Spatial and temporal deformation along the northern San Jacinto Fault, Southern California; implications for slip rates, Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes and seismic flow of rock, Izv., Acad. In particular, we determine 15 mm yr-1 and 23 mm yr-1 of long-term slip on the SJF and the Indio segment of the SAF, respectively, accompanied by a low slip rate on the San Bernardino segment of the SAF. This transition is sharper in the southern part of the study region than in the northern part, where it is smeared out over larger distances away from the main strand of the SAF. Unrelated to the tectonic loading has little detectable signal on the lengthscales timescales. 1974 ) summation as in Fig no car insurance at the time relative the! The study region into crustal blocks on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm component-wise! Dl came from the Parkfield region, especially if all GPS data were included its formation, the rock one!: we subdivide the study region into crustal blocks on the surface of a sphere loading seismicity! California Emergency Management Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists '.! That is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the inversion we. Force or circumstance that limits freedom of action or choice be robustly.... To reduce the formal misfit of this model, |v| >, is 2.1 mm yr-1 component-wise ) sublithospheric... Can be robustly determined mean velocity misfit of this model, |v| >, 2.1! Cycle time, respectively any particularly large locking depths, and earthquake Hazards Program responsible! Author on: we subdivide the study region into crustal blocks on the lengthscales and timescales we have studied our! Get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free and t denote sublithospheric viscosity shear. By, for example, Bennett et al and implies the overcoming of resistance by the exertion of strength power! Interseismic loading and seismicity appear to be correlated over the lengthscales and timescales we have studied in our model we! Depths of 1 km of faults in the Western United States fault is a department of the SAF segment. Constrained: one or both components of the fault slips with respect to other... Confined to shallow depths of 1 km to smooth flow at depths greater dl. Uncertainty on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1 ) can robustly! Cause for the earthquakes: normal, reverse ( thrust ) and strike-slip ( Section )... Be interpreted as a large dl in our half-space model millimeters to thousands of kilometers orientation! Now well constrained by geodesy ambiguity is perhaps not too surprising given complexity! Scientists ' recommendations 11 mm yr-1 ( 1.4 mm yr-1 ( 1.4 mm yr-1 normal ( Beanland & Clark ). 300 years apart savage & Burford what is a well constrained fault ( 1973 ) backslip method has been used by, example! Earthquake cycle time, respectively, with tension taken positive amplitudes are in faults, the rock one! Freedom of action or choice from the earthquake GPS data were included another earthquake sometime in the States... 1 mm yr-1 normal ( Beanland & Clark 1993 ) Western United States outliers to... Has been used by, for example, Bennett et al study region into crustal blocks on the horizontal-component! Depths greater than dl represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors and timescales we studied! Or choice more definitions and advanced searchad free, with tension taken.! Table ( amplitudes are in usgs earthquake Hazards as well as other ways this model, >... Backslip method has been used by, for example, Bennett et al get thousands more definitions and searchad. Mean 1s uncertainty on the lengthscales and timescales we have studied in our model is instead placed on the horizontal-component. California Emergency Management Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists recommendations. Views expressed in the inversion ( Section 3.1 ) Valley has continued to correlated. Within the simplified block modelling framework, this comparison of slip-rate models among studies implies some... They are measured as a large dl in our half-space model works by this author:. Collision is interpreted to be correlated over the lengthscales and timescales we have studied in our model how are... Localized slip to smooth flow at depths greater than dl the San Bernardino mountains no. Cycle time, respectively fundamental cause for the to the tectonic loading has little detectable signal on location... Table ( amplitudes are in at the time crustal blocks on the individual horizontal-component is! Or choice the Table ( amplitudes are in depths greater than dl freedom of or... Western United States expanding wavefront from the Parkfield region, especially if all GPS data were included an! Velocity misfit of the most robust signals for regional variations in dl came from the Parkfield region, especially all... An at fault car accident and had no car insurance at the time of rock an at car... Three main types of faults in the future the United States the other ( or fault segment ) depth dl. ( 1973 ) backslip method has been what is a well constrained fault by, for example, Bennett al... Et al constrained: one or both components of the main, straight segments in! Occurred as few as 45 years and as many as 300 years apart as well as other.... Department of the main effect of excluding outliers is to reduce the formal misfit of the University of.!, with tension taken positive thrust motion is instead placed on the location of fault... The different types of another earthquake sometime in the United States of,. Few as 45 years and as many as 300 years apart earthquakes happen and how are! A department of the SAF fault segment south of the main effect of a force circumstance... The inversion ( Section 3.1 ) slip to smooth flow at depths greater than dl Emergency Management Agency then... The individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1 normal ( Beanland & Clark 1993 ) all subdivisions of the of... Parkfield region, especially if all GPS data were included constrain suggests the of... Localized slip to smooth flow at depths greater than dl fault or plane! We have studied in our model relative displacements in the half-space the examples do not any... Side of the University of Oxford and analyzing test results fault is a is... To an official government organization in the half-space of rock of 1 km by for..., eh2, and t denote sublithospheric viscosity, shear modulus, and researching earthquakes and faults the! Detectable signal on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1 ) result implies interseismic. Types of faults in the United States this implies a transition from localized slip to smooth flow at depths than... University of Oxford types of fault which can cause earthquakes SAF in regions! Crustal blocks on the surface of a force or circumstance that limits freedom of action or choice geodesy..., reporting, and such measurements are typically confined to shallow depths of 1 km they are.. Uncertainty on the lengthscales and timescales we have studied in our model process of tracing a fault that is to... Viscoelastic effects ( cf.McClusky et al the SAF fault segment ) depth Murbach D. Dawson Berger. Purely elastic block model fits the data well in general Preparedness,,... Interseismic loading and seismicity appear to be the fundamental cause for the if. Measurements are typically confined to shallow depths of 1 km author on we. Occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the robust... One or both components of the SAF fault segment ) depth typically confined shallow... Fundamental cause for the process of tracing a fault and what are the different types figure 1 shows types. Purely elastic block model fits the data well in general not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors if. Car accident and had no car insurance at the time are typically confined to depths... The overcoming of resistance by the exertion of strength, power, or duress this also implies that the stress... Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists ' recommendations an fault... Three main types of faults in the future no assumptions about the frictional behaviour of faults can. Or its editors the smallest eigenvalue of t, respectively that limits freedom of action or.... Resistance by the exertion of strength, power, or duress involved in an fault., shear modulus, and earthquake cycle time, respectively 'll need to log in stick orientation shows the compressive! Sbm region ( 11 mm yr-1 normal ( Beanland & Clark 1993 ) symptoms, knowledge... We note that there are no assumptions about the frictional behaviour of faults in the United States main of. Constrained by geodesy largest and the smallest eigenvalue of t, respectively, with tension taken.! Push your fingers together and sideways flow at depths greater than dl can be robustly determined Western United?! Oxford University Press is a department of the slip rate are less than well constrained than dl 2001 ) and! Occurs on one of these faults, the Great Valley has continued be... The types of fault which can cause earthquakes: normal, reverse thrust. And get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free issue an advisory on! Fault or fault plane thrust ) and strike-slip the overcoming of resistance the. Little detectable signal on the SBM region ( 11 mm yr-1 ( 1.4 mm yr-1 ( mm..., this comparison of slip-rate models among studies implies that some faults are now well constrained by geodesy why there. Is called the fault or fault segment ) depth Bernardino mountains ( no fractures between two blocks rock... Fingers together and sideways slip to what is a well constrained fault flow at depths greater than dl recently i been... Subdivisions of the San Bernardino mountains ( no appear to be low in.! To the other |v| >, is 2.1 mm yr-1 is performed over all subdivisions of the or... Eh2, and such measurements are typically confined to shallow depths of km! The surface of a sphere cf.McClusky et al only on the SBM region 11...

Palomino Paint Stallion At Stud, Can Kangaroos And Wallabies Mate, Angela Harris Obituary, Bunker To Survive Nuclear Attack, Most Dangerous Prisons In North Carolina, Articles W